November 20, 1985, released Windows 1.0 is the debut version of the famous operating system of Microsoft. Being in essence a graphical addition to the already released “OSes” MS-DOS, it was wildly voracious for its time (graphics card, mouse system requirements and installation of two floppy disks in the 1980s was serious luxury!), but still managed to assert itself as the main rival of Apple’s computers, according to the intuitive controls.
Logo Windows 1.0
Initially, the system sounded as Interface Manager, but Microsoft marketers realized it in time and managed to highlight the main distinguishing feature of their system — Windows (eng. Windows).
Working with multiple Windows instead of the command line, then, left the impression of unprecedented luxury and even justify the high system requirements. Paint, Notepad, calculator, text editors Notepad, and Write, control Panel, and a clipboard for text/files is formed at the debut version of Windows. Dialog boxes, scroll bars and drop-down menus of this system have become the unofficial standard for computer interfaces in the years ahead.
The Interface Of Windows 1.0
Today hackneyed joke about the fact that redmondave can only use the first servispak (set of fixes/improvements) originates from the birth of the revolutionary “OSes” — immediately after the release of Windows 1.0 it was found a critical bug that Microsoft programmers have begun hastily “patch”, so retail is actually being delivered have been corrected in version 1.01.
Despite the problems with hardware support and the shortage of “soft”, the debut version of Windows is cheerfully sold from November 1985 to April 1987 has sold over 500 thousand copies. Support for Windows 1.0 lasted a staggering 16 years ended December 31, 2001.
November 20, 1914, United States Department of State began requiring the presence of the photograph in the passport. Disputes about which country was the pioneer in such requirements will not subside until now, but given the fact that the history of photography in the United States numbered almost a century, and even since the 1980s Americans were available for film cameras Kodak, there is nothing surprising in such an early development of passport photo was not.
In the Russian Empire the circulation of passports began in 1721 (by decree of Peter I) — they were originally intended for farmers who are temporarily absent from their estates. Instead of the pictures they had a verbal description of the owner, more like a sketch (mentioned distinguishing features — birthmarks, defects of gait, scars, etc.), religion, the status of the marriage. Replaced a passport a year and cost a lot.
Internal passport of the Russian Empire
In General, this Russian tradition differed sharply from the world — if abroad, passport relied aristocracy and every aristocracy, in domestic practice, the passports were supplied disenfranchised serfs. For travel within the country (but industrialization contributed to this) they formed the “driving certificates”. If those are from a traveling farmer was not — he was exiled to Siberia.
The passport in the Russian Empire
Criminals and “extremists” of those times passports were not, but were, shall we say, more noticeable “documents”: the criminals of that time were branded in a special way. In their foreheads burned (repeatedly rubbed with gunpowder lettering) letters, in accordance with the crime: among thieves on the face is adorned with the letter “b”, the killers — the letter “U” and so on.
This passport was already used in full swing, and in the early XX century in the Russian Empire such documents with a photograph was received by Russian consuls abroad, as well as other official government representatives. In 1917 the Bolsheviks introduced the analogue of the passport, labour book, in which pictures also was not mandatory. And only in 1933, Soviet citizens began to receive passports of the modern sample.
20 Nov 1998 Russia put into orbit the first module of the International space station “Zarya”. With the Russian functional cargo block began deploying ecologicheskogo Grand complex, for which the efforts were combined Russia, USA, Canada, Japan and EU countries.
Block “Zarya” became the basis for the subsequent construction of the ISS. Initially this unit regulated the power supply and the temperature regime at the station and today it functions as a store of fuel. In its development has laid down $150 million from the Russian side and $ 250 million from the United States.
The international space station
Initially, the construction of the International space station was planned without the participation of Russia in the project would have involved the European space Agency, the United States, Canada and Japan. But the cost of the project was that the participants of the project, that is, “not pulled” the budget on their own, and the lack of experience in the construction of space stations affected. The Russian space program in the 1990s declined because of economic problems, and the same purpose project space station “Mir-2” were idle due to lack of funding. The principle of “every little helps” in such circumstances, it proved beneficial to all.
Over 17 years of work aboard the ISS was visited by over two hundred of the astronauts, and the permanent staff of the station consists of 6 people.