On 2 July 1698, the English scientist Thomas North patented the first steam engine. All his work is: “a new invention for raising water for all types of mills with motor powers of fire.” Subsequently, a mechanism called “Machine Severi” or “fire engine.” A patent was issued for a period of 14 years, and later extended to 21 years.
According to the scientist, this invention happened quite by accident. Actually, the “Machine Severi” — it’s just a steam pump. The basis of his design was not part of the piston or other parts, driven. However, steam for the pump was generated in a separate boiler. This discovery later allowed other scientists to develop and implement a mechanical device real steam engines. “The car Severi” in turn, differed low efficiency and intermittent running (the water had to be pumped in different portions). The first prototype train (the train has a steam engine) was built in 1769, a military engineer, Nicolas-Jose cugnot. It subsequent development of the iron road network has led to the explosive growth of the industry in the XVIII-XIX centuries. Steam locomotives are being used to this day.
It is also known that Severin, who first used such a thing as “horsepower”.
The first steam pump
July 2, 1900, was made the first flight on the airship of the rigid type. Air device called the LZ-1 (Luftschiff Zeppelin) designed and built by count Ferdinand von Zeppelin. The entire history of Zeppelin has 119 models, most of which were supplied to the army and Navy. LZ-1 was the first blimp made of aluminum.
The device length was 128 meters (the airship was collected on the water) with a diameter of 11.7 m. Frame of the apparatus (two gondola) was created from aluminum. At its base were two engines with a capacity of 14.7 HP each with a total weight of 420 kg. the Motors are driven in rotation by two aluminium screws with a diameter of 1.25 m. the Airship was built in a floating hangar on lake Constance. For the safety of the aircraft sat just on the water. Then with 28 ropes of the airship drawn into the boathouse.
The first attempt to launch the LZ-1 in the sky, as we have noted, was carried out on 2 July. The crew of the aircraft consisted of five people. In the end, during the flight there was a serious deflections of trusses. Because of them, flight speed dropped to 15 km/h. the residence Time in the air amounted to only 18 minutes. Plus received damage when landing on water. The second attempt was made on October 17 after a major overhaul. And the third on 21 October, which resulted in the airship rose to a height of 400 meters and clocked up 28.1 km/h. the Flight lasted exactly 121 minute.
Unfortunately, even relatively successful experimental flights did not convince investors to invest in production, “aluminum Zeppelin”. First and foremost, has impacted the high production cost of this type of aircraft. As is often the case in the modern world, development much ahead of his time.
The world’s first rigid dirigible LZ-type-1
2 July 2001 was made the first surgery to implant “artificial heart”. The device, called AbioCor, was installed American Robert Tulsa. Unfortunately, 30 November 2001 at the age of 59 years, he died. Robert lived with “artificial heart” exactly 151 days.
AbioCor was developed by company Abiomed. The unit is fully located in the patient’s body and running from the internal battery. Battery charging from an external power source directly through the skin. Thus, it does not need wires.
The first generation AbioCor had a number of limitations. The main concerned of the weight and height of the patient. That is why “artificial heart” was implanted only to men. Internal battery AbioCor allowed the patient to move freely within the hour. When set to external power, this period has doubled. The unit is recharged from a regular power outlet. Shelf life AbioCor was 18 months.
By 2004, “artificial heart,” Abiomed acquired from 14 patients. The unit was administered only to those whose death is caused by severe heart failure was imminent. Robert Tulz lasted 151 days. To date, there are cases where “artificial heart” patients have lived 10 or even 17 months.
AbioCor