October 8, 1958 was released as the first implantable pacemaker. Tried Swedish scientists led by rune Elmqvist — known Swedish engineer. Medical device has received the name of Siemens-Elema (in honor of the joint development of the two companies). It is easy to guess that the pacemaker was fully under the skin. However, the first version of the device could not boast durability. On average an implantable pacemaker replaced once a year.
The goal of any pacemaker is to “impose” (or maintain) a certain heart rate. For the first time on stimulation of muscles current began in the 18th century Italian physicist and physician Luigi Galvani. Later Russian psychologists V. U. chagovets N. E. Vvedensky studied the effects of electric pulse on the heart and suggested the possibility of using them to treat certain heart diseases. But only in 1927, albert Hyman created the world’s first external pacemaker and applied it to the man.
The world’s first implantable pacemaker
8 Oct 1978 in Yakutia was produced by the underground nuclear explosion with the equivalent of 15 kilotons. This kind of activity is called a peaceful nuclear explosion (PNE). All in all, the period of time from 1974 to 1987 in Yakutia, there were 12 underground nuclear explosions, part of which as a result has caused irreparable damage to ecology of the region.
The so-called peaceful nuclear explosions until recently was used everywhere. There was even a special program called “atoms for peace”. Pioneers — the representatives of the United States (who else?). Thus, in the framework of the project “plusher” in 1957 began to study the possibility of using PNE for large-scale movement of the layers of the earth. Including for the laying of the second channel from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean through Central America. In the end, the U.S. produced 27 explosions, but by 1970 the project was rejected because in some cases these actions led to the environmental pollution.
In the Soviet Union the project “plusher” was considered in 1965. He was named “Industrial nuclear explosion”. The purpose of the first test is to create a dam. After the explosion, the edge of the crater formed a lake which was filled in the process of spring flood water. The result is a lake Balapan volume of 10 million cubic meters. Only the USSR was made in 124 PNE.
In 1996, in accordance with the Contract on universal prohibition of nuclear tests all nuclear explosions, including peaceful, was banned.
Lake Balapan is the result of a peaceful nuclear explosion
October 8, 2011, the company TDK has unveiled a prototype hard disk with laser “heating” HAMR (Heat-assisted magnetic recording). The technology includes the principle termosistemy magnetic recording technology, which combines magnetic reading and magneto-optical recording. The gist of it is that the recording of information in the domain is carried out by heating a specific part of the disk with a laser. This allows you to greatly increase the recording density. According to the forecasts of Hitachi and Seagate, the capacity of conventional 3.5-inch hard disk can increase up to 50 TB. However, the primary challenge for Seagate is the creation of a 20-terabyte HAMR devices by 2020.
In 2011 was about 2.5-inch hard disk capacity of 2 TB. In TDK was seriously tempted to go in 2012 for serial production of the first HAMR drives, however, who stayed and is still there. Unfortunately, termoacustica magnetic recording is a technology though not so distant, but the future. While talking about HAMR underway since 2006, when it was presented by the company Fujitsu.
The principle of the technology HAMR