June 5, 1951 was presented the first production of a bipolar junction transistor. It was invented back in 1948, but to establish mass production of this simple device, to the surprise of its creators, proved to be very difficult.
The inventors of the first serial transistor of steel John. Bardin, W. Brattain and William Shockley, who together worked in the American company Bell Labs. It was to work with 30-XX years, but was for a time interrupted by the war. In 1945, the researchers went back to his attempts and in 1947 he created the first transistor. In the same Bell Labs was assembled and the first tubeless radio.
Replica of the first transistor
The U.S. military is not interested in the new technology, citing the fact that she supposedly can not find wide application. And, as so often happens, at first hardly anyone paid attention to invention, which will become indispensable. Compared to lamps, widely used at that time in electronics, the transistor was cheaper, stronger, was ready to work instantly (lamps first had to be heated) and consumed less energy. However, the revolution is not suddenly happened.
The first commercial device based on transistors was the hearing aid, released in 1953. Behind him, in 1954, came the first commercial receiver, but soon became interested in transistors and IBM. Now they are used in every electronic device.
July 5, 1966, was the perfect launching of the carrier rocket Saturn-1B. It was one of a series of flights performed for the preparation of the “Apollo” program — the same one which aimed to send Americans to the moon in 1975. In 1966 the carrier rocket Saturn-1B was sent into space with a much less widespread aim, namely to explore how you will behave in zero-gravity liquid hydrogen. He acted as fuel for the engines that were supposed to be included already in space and to send spacecraft Apollo to the Earth.
The launch of the carrier rocket Saturn-1B
For the most complete study of fuel behavior in space, the Saturn-1B had two television cameras and various sensors 88. The carrier rocket was put into orbit with a height of 190 km and did four revolutions around the Earth. The test under standard conditions was passed without any trouble, but artificially created emergency situation, who also were part of the experiment, led to the destruction of the rocket. However, the flight was considered successful.
5 Jul 2006 Samsung starts mass production of chips of GDDR4 memory standard. It was based on DDR3 technology and was designed to replace video memory GDDR3, which, in turn, was based on DDR2. Why, then, a graphics card with GDDR4 in the afternoon with fire will not find, but GDDR3 is still often used in graphics cards in the low price segment?
ATI Radeon X1950 XTX
GDDR4 has existed on the market for very long — her performance was hardly higher than that of GDDR3. But very different price and power consumption — for the worse. So NVIDIA never released a card with memory up to that standard, but AMD/ATI have made several attempts, X1950XTX, the HD 2900 XT, HD3870. “Red”, incidentally, is also distinguished by the fact that the first used the GDDR5 memory in the graphic accelerator ATI Radeon HD 4870, which came to light in June 2008.