18 December 1958 the US launched the world’s first communications satellite into earth orbit. Satellite SCORE (decoded — “the communication Signal by the relay equipment, circulating in an orbit”) became the first earthlings to broadcast messages and is remembered as the first “talking” satellite in history.
Artificial satellites were not new even then, but started in 1957, the Soviet PS-1 was used strictly for scientific purposes — helped to calculate the successful launch of spacecraft and studied the properties of dense layers of the atmosphere.
The launching of a communications satellite SCORE
The Soviet space program Chagall by leaps and bounds — a year before the release of the SCORE have flown in space, the dog Laika, and the United States started looking for suitable media. The first Atlas rockets were too many failed start attempts, so no publicity from the launch of the satellite on the basis Atlas10B Americans didn’t do too great was the risk of another problems and public embarrassment, if the satellite with a missile fell into the sea.
The satellite was not designed for long operation and was in orbit for 34 days only. But its place in history, he left through the message of the 34th U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower. The White house started hastily recorded the message on tape companion (their SCORE was two — just in case). “Says the President of the United States. The wonders of technology allowed You to hear my voice from the satellite flying through space. My message is very simple. I give You to all mankind that America wants peace Earth and all people of good will,” said Eisenhower.
Resources of the first communication satellite was enough for 78 sessions of voice and message, however, mercury battery SCORE were not very durable, so very soon, the satellite ceased to function, and already on 21 January 1959 and burned in the dense layers of the atmosphere.
18 December 1987 released the first version of the programming language Perl. It was created by linguist Larry wall. Originally built for working with text documents, this programming language was different from all competitors active using regular expressions (RegExp) is adopted in programming a way to reduce the amount of native code to the limit by its lexical analysis.
The symbol of the Perl programming language
In most cases Perl was used for scripting on web sites 1990-ies. At its base, for example, created such world-famous sites, like Amazon and Yahoo, and today is about 0.5% among programming languages on the web servers. Today it is used to determine the correctness of data input by the user of the website (here, for example, grow profanities sites for incorrect characters when entering a password), moderating a large amount of text (a profanity filter in the chat rooms and forums) and to interact with search engines. Programmers the language is memorable, as is not very convenient, but a reliable tool for automating small tasks.
The code of the Perl programming language
On December 18, 2009, the Paris court fined Google for digitizing French books for creating world online library. The search giant ordered to pay a $430,000 penalty for open access to books without the consent of the publishers, and warned that further violations will result in a fine ranging from 10 thousand Euro a day. The representatives of the authors Guild said in court that Google has been carrying out “illegal activities and caused irreparable harm to the publishers”. The President of the National Union of publishers of France Serge Eyrolles happy that “the arbitrariness of the American search engine has finally been nipped in the Bud”.
The Google Books project overcomes the protests of copyright holders the entire history of its existence
However, the French have not abandoned digitizing books does French President Nicolas Sarkozy later announced that the government will provide €750 million for digitization of the literary heritage of the country and promised to carefully protect domestic copyright owners from infringement of their intellectual property.
Earlier Google had problems even with close to American publishers because of all that copyright infringement — in many cases the search engine has received permission for publication from the authors, while copyright holders of the works remained the publisher.
Despite all the difficulties already in 2004, the Google Books project settled more than 20 million books. By the way, problems with the placement of new books arose far not in all countries — in cooperation with the British library, Google has digitized a unique collection of books published from 1700 to 1870, and the government of Israel contributed to the emergence of a common library called “Dead sea Scrolls”.
Online textbooks in Russia still remain showy exotics
The digitization of books and textbooks concerned and in Russia, but until the publishing lobby leads to the fact that most artworks are available in strictly in the reading rooms of libraries, not websites. In the nearest plans (until 2020) modernisation of existing libraries in the ILC (library and information centers). That is, the need to read the works legally at the computer at the city library and not at home, nowhere to go. And with the “pirate” paper textbooks are sold cheaper than the original, the interior Ministry successfully and selflessly fights.
The project of the electronic textbook was shown 4 years ago — the head of the Corporation “RUSNANO” Anatoly Chubais in 2011 showed Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin “best” tablet with a supposedly promising future. Serial production of the new saw. In 2015 a “banner” of the Creator of the electronic textbook was transferred to the Corporation “RUSNANO”. What happened next? That’s right — the head of the Corporation Sergey Chemezov presented the prototype to the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin. Now, the tablet is built on the concept of the YotaPhone — a device has two displays. One e-ink for reading, the second is the usual full-color IPS.
We note that the draft law on the National electronic library went to the state Duma in the autumn, but until now had not been considered — according to the latest data, to comply with copyright, the government intends to introduce a paid version of the library for the Russians.